2020高考考试英语考试知识点一遍过介词和介词短语，超全考试知识点梳理+易错点拨！

考试知识点05  介词和介词短语

高考考试频度：★★★★★ 

【命题解析】

介词在英语中比较活跃，然而在高考考试中直接考查介词的题不是不少，但介词却是考生最易犯了错误误的语法项目之一。

【命题预测】

预计2020年高考考试对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词，将会愈加重视对介词固定搭配中的介词的考查，精细化考查介词短语的辨析。在学习介词时，应重点学会介词的基本使用方法，同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和使用方法。

【复习建议】

    1. 学会介词的容易见到使用方法及易混介词的辨析；

    2. 学会介词与其他词所构成的一些固定短语；

    3. 学会在定语从句中介词的用法状况。

介词的分类

考向① 介词短语的功能

介词不可以独立在句中做成份，介词后需要与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。

考向② 常考介词的辨析

介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，用频率相当高，其使用方法跟冠词一样复杂。但依据近年来高考考试命题的状况来看，考生需要学会以下内容。

1.表示相同或相似定义的介词（短语）有什么区别

1.（2019·江苏卷·单项填空）Favorable policies are ___________ to encourage employees' professional development.

A. in effect B. in command C. in turn D. in shape

【答案】A

【分析】考查介词短语。句意：好的规范政策事实上都会激起职员的专业水平的提高。A. in effect事实上；B. in command指挥；C. in turn轮流，依次；D. in shape在外形上，处于好的状况。故选A。

2.（2019·新课标I卷·语法填空）Modem methods __________ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform   consistently over a large area.

【答案】of/for

【分析】考查介词使用方法。此处tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语，用of 连接，“methods of doing sth.”,意为“……的办法”，构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的办法”用for。故填of/for。

3.（2019·新课标I卷·语法填空）Scientists have responded by  __________  that hungry bears may be congregating around human settlements, leading to the illusion that populations are __________  than they actually are.

【答案】of/for

4.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】We were first greeted with the barking by a pack __________ dogs，seven to be exact.

【答案】of

【分析】考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填of。

5.（2017·新课标卷I·短文改错）At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, he agreed.

【答案】删除for

【分析】时间名词有every，each，last等词修饰时，其前不需要介词。故删除for。

2.容易见到同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别

3．容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组

【难题释疑】

1、常用介词辨异

1. about，on，of  关于

①on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场所。容易见到于＂学术上＂的＂论文＂或＂演说＂等题目，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读，有＂论及＂之意。 

②about表示的内容多为常见、不那样正式，有＂述及＂之意。

③of作＂关于＂讲，表示提及、涉及某人（事）时，只表示事情存在或发生，并不涉及详细情况；有时与about意义相近，但有时意义非常不同，常与动词know、hear、learn（听说）、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。  

2. except，except for，except that，but，besides，beside  

①except＂除……以外＂，指不包含……，后面常接名词、代词（人称代词常用宾格），还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式，此时等于but，但不定式常不带to。 

②except for＂除去，只有＂，意思和except一样，主要指说明基本状况后，而在细节上加以修正，后面常接名词性短语。  

③except that＂除去，只不过＂，意思和except、except for一样。但在使用方法上，其后常接名词性从句，也可接when、where等词引导的其他从句。  

④but所含＂除……外＂的意思不如except明确。but多用在代词（主如果不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词）之后。  

⑤besides表示＂除……外还有＂，所排除的事物常包含在所述范围之内。另外，besides可用作副词，等于also，有＂而且，加之，何况＂之意。  

⑥beside也是介词，表示＂在附近＂，只是形似besides，容易相互混淆。 

假如在不同前后有相同种类的词汇时，就用except，不然就用except for。

3. including，included  

①including是一个介词，意为＂包含＂，它一般放在包含对象的前面。  

②included是一个过去分词，意为＂包含＂。它一般用于被动语态中，也可放在包含对象的后面。  

4. in，later，during  都与时段名词搭配  

①in作介词，同时段名词搭配，即＂in + 时段名词＂，一般用于以后时。 

②later表示＂……将来＂，常同时段名词搭配，即＂时段名词 + later＂，常与过去时连用。 

③during作介词时，同时段名词搭配，即＂during + 时段名词＂，常与目前时或以后时等连用。

5. in，with，by 用  

①with一般指＂用＂具体的或有形的工具、器官等，有时也表示＂用＂某种方法、音调等。  

②by作介词表示＂用＂时，一般指＂用＂方法、方法等。后面常接动名词或名词，后面接名词时，该名词前面一般不加修饰语。  

③in指＂用＂语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方法、现金、顺序等。

2、介词的省略

1. 当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等时，介词常省略。

Come any day you like. 你想哪天来就哪天来。

2. 表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作＂每一……＂解时，前面不需要介词。

An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 天天吃一个苹果，大夫不找我。

3. 习惯搭配中介词的省略

一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常省略，容易见到的此类搭配有：spend money/time doing sth，waste money/time doing sth，have difficulty/trouble doing sth，be busy doing sth，sTOP/prevent sb doing sth等。

3、介词不可遗漏的状况

1. 含有不及物动词的不定式在形容词easy，hard，difficult，comfortable等后作状语，且构成不定式的动词与句子的主语存在动宾关系或主语是不定式动作发生的地址时，介词不可以遗漏。 

The chair is comfortable to sit on/in. 这把椅子坐着舒服。

The man is difficult to work with. 这个人非常难共事。

2. 当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，有关介词也不可省略。 

The problem is well worth paying attention to. 这个问题非常值得关注。

3. 在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不可以遗漏。 

Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 你需要注意你的发音。

4. 在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，需要加上介词。 

The library which we often go to is not far away from our school. 大家常常去的那个图书馆离大家的学校不远。

5. 在too...to...，enough... to...，so... as to...等结构中，含有不及物动词的不定式作结果状语，构成不定式的动词为不及物动词，且该动词与主语构成动宾关系或主语为不定式动作发生的地址时，介词不可以遗漏。

The ice is too thin to skate on. 冰太薄了，不可以在上面滑。

题组一 基础过关

单句改错

1. I lent to her some money in order that she could go for a holiday.

  _________________________________________________________________________

2. Joe wasted a lot time before he got down to work.

  _________________________________________________________________________

3. The biggest problem was in that almost all communication systems were destroyed.

  _________________________________________________________________________

4. only a few months ago, this area suffered by the worst drought in a century.

  _________________________________________________________________________

5. It was very kind for them to invite me to visit their country.

  _________________________________________________________________________

6. Appreciate and honor what you have instead focusing on what you do not.

  _________________________________________________________________________

7. The boy wanted to join in the army but was turned down because he was under age.

  _________________________________________________________________________

8. I just couldn’t laugh to his jokes the way I used to.

  _________________________________________________________________________

题组二 能力提高

I.单项填空

1.This experience teaches me a lesson: Never judge a person simply ________ the first impression.

A.in the form of B. with the help of

C. on the basis of D.in case of

2.It was quite________ me why people preferred to go to the island on such a cold night.

A. against B. over

C. beyond D. above

3. ________ our disagreements, we have been able to find some common ground.

A. Beyond B. For

C. Despite D. By

4.Sometimes it’s tough to get off the couch and go for a run. With so many digital devices at your fingertips, how can you possibly keep________?

A.in turn B.in shape

C.in return D.in charge

5.I feel that one of my main duties ________a teacher is to help the students to become better learners.

A. for B. like

C.as D. with

6.These comments came __________ specific questions often asked by local newsmen.

A. in memory of        B. in response to        

C. in touch with       D. in possession of

7.Most people work because it’s unavoidable. __________, there are some people who actually enjoy work.

A. As a result        B. In addition       

C. By contrast          D. In conclusion

8.A common memory they all have_______ their school days is the school uniform.

A. of B. on C. to D. with

9.Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live_________nature.

A. in view of B. in need of  

C.in touch with D. in harmony with

10.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around _______ Thomas Edison.

A. thanks to           B. regardless of         

C. aside from           D. but for

II.语篇填空

As I walked ______________the city streets，I passed a young man searching through a small block of land that contained a mix of leaves and rubbish. I was somewhat puzzled why someone ______________him would be searching through rubbish. Finding this a little odd，I asked him，＂What are you searching ______________？＂ He replied very simply that he was looking for money.

After talking ______________him for a little longer，I found out that he had become homeless after getting laid ______________ from his job. Since then，he had been working ______________ part-time jobs in a doctor's office and in a food bank to earn some money. But he made so little that he lost heart. The man seemed fairly talented，although he was a little dirty.

I told him that our thoughts create our reality，and I suggested that he not give ______________ and think ______________ a positive way. During the  whole talk，what I stressed was that he was young and that everything was possible. Although he didn't respond ______________ the spot，my sense told me that what I said seemed to have an effect ______________ him.

题组三 体验考试真题

1.（2019·浙江卷·语法填空）But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer __________ this question is not clear.

2. （2018·新课标卷II·完形填空）I still can’t believe what a   coincidence it was. I’m just so glad I was there   __________   to help my son.

A. on board     B. in time     C. for sure     D. on purpose

3. （2018·新课标卷II·短文改错）They would say to me that playing card games would help my brain. Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.

4. （2018·北京卷·单项填空） —Good morning, Mr. Lee’s office.

—Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon.

A. for     B. on     C. in     D. at

5. （2018·江苏卷·单项填空）China’s soft power grows _______ the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally.

A. in line with     B. in reply to

C. in return for    D. in honour of

6.（2018·天津卷·单项填空） Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went ___________.

A. at first     B. after all

C. above all     D. at random

6.（2017·天津·单项填空）We offer an excellent education to our students. ___________, we expect students to work hard.

A. On average      B. At best      

C. In return     D. After all

7.（2017·天津·完形填空）… My goal was to lose 150 pounds in one year and raise $50,000 __________ a movement founded 30 years ago to end hunger.

A. in search of     B. in need of       

C. in place of     D. in support of

8. （2017·新课标I卷·语法填空）There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）______________________________ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side ______________________________  such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.

9. （2017·新课标I卷·短文改错）It was a relief and I came to a suddenly sTOP just in the middle on the road.

10. （2017·新课标II卷·短文改错）They have also bought for some gardening tools. beside, they often get some useful information from the internet.

11. （2017·新课标卷III·语法填空）I was searching __________ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.

12.（2017·北京·单项填空）Many people who live along the coast make a living _______ fishing industry.

   A. at     B. in    C. on   D. by

13.（2017·江苏·单项填空）Determining where we are ____________ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.

A. in contrast to             B. in defense of

C. in face of              D. in relation to

14. （2017·北京·单项填空）When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be ___________ trees that are over 1,000 years old.

A. among     B. against     C. behind     D. below

15. （2017·新课标II卷·语法填空）It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _______________________ on the roads above as they travelled to and _______________ work.

题组一基础过关

单句改错

1. 去掉to

【分析】句意：我借给她一些钱，以便她能去度假。动词lend后可接双宾语，所以to多余。

2. 在time 前加of

【分析】句意：乔在开始工作前浪费了不少时间。a lot of为固定使用方法，意为＂很多＂，后接可数名词复数形式或不可数名词。注意：a lot为副词短语，表程度。

3. 去掉in

【分析】句意：最大的难点是，几乎所有些通讯系统都被破坏了。依据语境及句子结构可知，句中用that引导表语从句。

4. by → from

【分析】句意：仅在几个月前，这个区域遭受了一次本世纪以来最为紧急的旱灾。suffer from为固定使用方法，意为＂忍受，遭受＂。 

5. for → of

【分析】句意：他们非常不错，邀请我访问他们的国家。＂ It’s kind of sb to do sth＂为固定句型。注意：在＂It is/was + adj. +of/for sb to do＂句型中，当形容词为easy，hard，difficult，possible，important，necessary等时用介词for，而当形容词为描述人的品德及特点的kind，polite，nice，wise，clever，silly，foolish等时用介词of。

6. 在instead后加of

【分析】句意：感激并且尊重你所拥有些，而不是将注意力放在你没的东西上。instead of 为复合介词，意为＂而不是＂。

7. 去掉 in

【分析】句意：这个男生想参军，但由于年龄小被拒绝了。join表示＂参加，加入＂时， 后面不加介词in；表示＂参加＂时，才加 in。

8. 第一个to → at

【分析】句意：我就是不可以像以前那样因他讲的笑话而发笑。laugh at为固定搭配，意为＂嘲笑，因……而发笑＂。

题组二能力提高

 I.单项填空

1.C  【分析】考查介词短语辨析。in the form of＂以……的形式＂，with the help of＂在……的帮忙下＂，on the basis of ＂以……为基础＂，in case of＂假如，假使＂。结合语境可知选C。

2.C   【分析】考查介词。句意：我非常不理解为何大家想在那样冷的一个晚上登那个岛。against＂反对＂，over＂翻越，在……上面＂，above＂在……上面，超越＂，均不符合句意。be beyond sb.＂某人没办法理解＂，符合句意，故选C。

3.C  【分析】考查介词的使用方法。句意：尽管大家存在分歧，但仍能找到一些一同点。despite＂即便，尽管＂，符合句意。

4.B  【分析】考查介词短语辨析。句意：有时，非常难从沙发上站起来，稍微信活动一下。手边有那样多数码设施，你如何可能维持健康呢？in shape＂健康＂，符合句意。in turn＂轮流，相应地＂；in return

＂作为回报＂；in charge＂负责＂。 

5.C  【分析】句意：我感觉作为教师，其主要职责之一就是帮助学生成为更高效学习者。as作介词有＂作为＂的意思，符合语境。 

6.B  【分析】句意：这类评论是对某些常常被当地新闻人问到的问题的回话。in memory of纪念； in response to回话； in touch with联系；in possession of拥有。剖析句子成分了解空格处充当介词短语作状语有哪些用途，依据知识和句意，评论应该是对问题的回话。所以答案是B。

7.C  【分析】句意：不少人工作是由于这是不可防止的，相反，有一些人是的确喜欢工作的。依据前后的意思，可以了解前后是表示对比。As a result意为结果，In addition  意为除此之外， By contrast意为相反， In conclusion意为结论。＂不可防止＂表述到一种无奈，也就是说，不少人是不能不工作的。后句的表达是＂事实上有的人喜欢工作＂， ＂喜欢＂和＂不能不＂刚好构成一种否定，所以选C。

8.A  【分析】考查介词辨析。of关于，表示从属关系； on表示在……之上； to表示对于； with表示和……在一块。句意：他们共有些关于他们学校的记忆是校服。have a memory of对……有记忆，是固定短语，故选A。

9.D   【分析】考查短语辨析。 in view of在……眼里； in need of需要； in touch with和……接触； In harmony with与……和谐相处。这四个短语后面都要接名词，该句意思为：人的生活是自然的一部分，因此，大家存活下来的唯一的办法就是与自然和谐相处。依据句意，故选D。

10.D  【分析】句意：要不是爱迪生的创造，今天大家身边享用的不少东西都将不复存在。thanks to ＂多亏＂，具备非常强的迷惑性，如将题干改成＂_____ Thomas  Edison, now we can benefit from many of the things  around us.＂则选A项；B项＂不管，不考虑＂；C项＂除去＂；D项＂要不是＂，常用于隐藏式（含蓄式）虚拟条件句。故选D项。

II.语篇填空

1.along/down 2.like 3.for 4.with 5.off

6.on 7.up 8.in 9.on 10.on

题组三体验考试真题

1.to 【分析】考查介词。句意：这个问题的答案不了解。the key/answer to ...这是固定搭配，“……的答案是……”。故填to。

2. B 【分析】考查介词词组词义辨析。我开心的是我在那儿准时帮助了我的儿子。A. on board在船上；B. in time准时；C. for sure一定；D. on purpose目的。故选B项切题。

3.for改为with  【分析】考查介词。play the games with sb.表示“和某人一块打游戏”，故把for改为with。

4.A 【分析】考查介词。句意：——早上好，Lee先生办公室。——早上好。我想预约下周三下午（和Mr. Lee见面）。make an appointment for意为“为……预约”，是固定搭配，故A选项正确。

5.A  【分析】考查介词短语词义辨析及语境理解。句意：中国的软实力增长与日俱增全球对中国的赏识和理解相一致。A. in line with根据；与...一致；B. in reply to回话；C. in return for作为 ... 的报酬；D. in honour of为纪念。故选A。

6.B  【分析】考查介词短语辨析及语境理解。句意：鲍勃觉得他不可以去参加聚会，由于他不能不写一份报告，但他终究去了。A. at first起初；B. after all毕竟，终究。C. above all第一；D. at random随意地。依据前面的转折连词可知，与前面状况相反，故选B。

6.C 【分析】句意：大家给大家的学生们提供非常好的教育，作为回报，大家期待大家的学生们好好学习。A. 平均起来，一般说来；B. 最多，充其量；C. 作为回报；D. 毕竟，终究。依据句意故选C。

7. D  【分析】依据上文raise $50,000可知，此处表示＂为了支持三十年前为了结束饥饿而创办的一项活动＂。A. 为了探寻；B. 需要；C. 代替；D. 为了支持。故选D。

8.as 考查介词。句意：这一趋势刚开始始于医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的办法。as表示＂作为，以……身份＂，故填as。

9.第一处：suddenly改为sudden 考查形容词。句意：我来了个紧急刹车。suddenly是副词，表示＂意料之外地，突然地＂。sudden为形容词，表示＂忽然的；飞速的＂，修饰名词sTOP用形容词，故将suddenly改为sudden。a sudden sTOP表示＂急刹车＂。

第二处：on改为of 考查介词。剖析语境可知此处表示＂在路中间急刹车＂，on the road表示＂在路上＂，the middle of the road表示＂路的中央＂，强调的是＂the middle＂，故将on改为of。

10.第一处：将for去掉：考查动词，bought是及物动词，后不需要跟介词，故将for去掉。

第二处：beside改为besides：考查连接词，beside是介词，＂在……旁边＂，而这里需要一个连接词，故将beside改为besides。

11.for 【分析】考查动词短语搭配。search for是固定搭配，表示“探寻”，表示“我”在探寻“我”研究的三只西部低地大猩猩。

12.B 【分析】句意：很多住在海边上的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。此处用介词in,不需要by,由于by后面一般接干什么事情来谋生，此处是指在捕鱼这个行业里，在这个行业里谋生，用in，故选B。

13.D 【分析】考查介词短语。A. in contrast to对比，完全不同；B. in defense of为……辩护；C. in face of面对；D. in relation to与……有关。句意：依据周围的环境分辨方位仍然是大家存活的一项极其要紧的技能。故选D。

14.A 【分析】句意：当你开车穿过加利福尼亚的红木森林时，你将会穿梭于超越千年历史的树木之间。be among 坐落于……之间；be against 反对；be behind 在……后面；be below在……之下。依据句意，故选A。

15.from【分析】考查介词，to and from来回，故填from。